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Technological innovations have led to the development of energy-saving facade materials.

Sometimes the term ‘façade’ is used to refer more specifically to external faces of buildings that have particular architectural emphasis, such as an imposing design, decoration, the main entrance to the building and so on. The term ‘façade’ can refer to any predominantly vertical face of a building envelope, such as an external wall.

It is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. The buildings' environmental and operational energy performances were also compared to the RIBA 2030 Climate Challenge.The facade combines attributes of both appearance as well as superior performance in a manner, unlike any other building system. Therefore, close attention should be paid to construction material selection in any effort aiming to achieve further environmental benefits. Moreover, electricity decarbonization increases the relative share of the production stage to the overall building emission. The electricity decarbonization leads to a significant reduction of GWP in all cases, with the highest value achieved for the passive house using the highest share of electricity, 58%-70% GWP reduction compared to the static scenario. The building operation phase contributed the most to the environmental impact, while negligible impact comes from the end-of-life stage. The LCA results of the static scenario reveal that applying passive-house standards could reduce the impact of dwellings while it does not necessarily provide a positive environmental outcome. Three different future electricity mix scenarios have been used and compared to a static scenario where the current electricity mix remains constant.

This work aims (i) to assess the environmental performance of the buildings and (ii) to evaluate the effect of electricity decarbonization on the dwellings’ global warming potential (GWP). This paper implements a Life Cycle Assessment of several low-energy/passive house buildings located in Northern Ireland.